A Critical Examination Of The Inter Relationship Between...

A critical examination of the inter-relationship between ethnicity and nationalism in Eritrea Introduction The notions of ethnicity and nationalism have been used to discuss the formation of what is so called a nation-state. Many anthropologists (e.g. Eriksen, 1993) assert that ethnicity is a multifaceted product of ever-changing social relations and organisation. In a similar way, Eriksen (1993) discusses nationalism as a social cohesion defined by its relationship to the state. Echoing further dichotomy to the anthropologists’ interpretation, Brubaker (2004) also affirms the presence of â€Å"normative ambivalence and conceptual ambiguity† in the study of ethnicity and nationalism. What such debates suggest is therefore neither the definitions nor the relationship between ethnicity and nationalism has been straightforward. From an anthropological point of view, loyal individuals who share symbols, history and found a common expression among themselves claim an imagined concept of civic nationhood (Eriksen, 1993). On the other hand, a different form of nationalism can be tr aced from â€Å"vertical relationship† between ethnicities competing for power (ibid.). Nonetheless, nationalism exists as an abstract conception that involves ‘exclusion’ and ‘inclusion’ of inevitably changing identities (Eriksen, 1993; Smith, 1994 and Brubaker, 2004). Despite the above controversies, anthropological analyses of ethnicity and nationalism play a crucial role in mediating the differentShow MoreRelatedFor the Nation to Live the Tribe Must Die2511 Words   |  11 Pagescase that the contempt it breeds is a hindrance to the growth of nationalism and its love child the unified nation. My issue with this term arises from the true understanding of what it connotes, a group of communities existing under a leader Upon first glance Machel’s assertions is indisputable, the tribe if this term even suffices the nature of this divisive concept and the degrees of separation it has the power to create between existing tribes encompasses race, class, language and culture canRead MoreLanguage Planning and Language Development4062 Words   |  17 Pages(ii) Mutually intelligible languages, dialects or scripts, (a) threatening mutual identity, (b) with mutually unfavorable attitudes. (iii) Existence of diglossia, triglossia or multiglossia. (iv) Existence of languages with dominant/minority relationship with a national frontier. (v) Social variables correlating with language use and creating communication zones. (vi) Official action in recognising official languages, distributing patronages for development of languages which may even have theRead MoreCaribbean Studies Syllabus5959 Words   |  24 Pageseconomic factors in the development of the Caribbean region; and to key individuals and institutions which have shaped the region’s development GENERAL OBJECTIVE On completion of this Module, students should demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between: i. Politics, economics and development; ii.Culture and development; iii. Technology and development; iv. Social justice and development SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: 1. Describe the concepts of development and theRead MoreInternal Threats to Pakistan10157 Words   |  41 Pagesjustice in Pakistan subject majority of the people of this country to hunger and starvation, deprive them of equitable access to education and economical well being and prosperity remains a distant dream. 3. Presently, Pakistan is passing through a critical phase of its history. The internal fabric of the society is badly damaged and the nation seems to be divided on almost every issue. On one hand the economical disparities are inculcating a deep sense of deprivation amongst a major segment of theRead MoreInfluence of Culture in Marketing7448 Words   |  30 Pagesbeliefs and religion, rituals and artefacts (tangible symbols representing culture such as Tokyo Tower or The Eiffel Tower). Usually people make assumptions about a person’s beliefs or behavior based on a single cultural indicator, especially race or ethnicity, when in reality, a person’s cultural identity is a complex interlace of all the cultural groups he/she belongs to, groups that influence his/her values, beliefs, and behaviors. Often culture is thought of as the food, the music, clothing and holidaysRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesimmediately after birth and was often seen as distinct from one another. However, with advent of the process of globalization, there is now the integration and homogenization of cultures. â€Å"Homogenization of cultures is the loss of diversity of culture between two or more cultural groups†. Thus, our topic, â€Å"globalization and its effects on cultural integration in the Czech Republic† The Czech Republic is a country with a rich cultural heritage with works of art seen in theatres, cinemas, libraries, globally

Counselling Reflection - 1203 Words

RUNNING HEAD: Reflection on counseling 1 Reflection on counseling session recording Chua Ci Jie Introduction to Counselling James Cook University, Singapore Reflection on counseling Reflection on counseling Counseling is interpreted as a therapeutic practice of utilizing dialogue to assist clients in better understand and coping with their individual problems or health issues (Counseling, 2003). The individuality of the counselor has been extensively regarded as a vital tool in the provision of productive counselling sessions (Pieterse, Lee, Ritmeester Collins, 2013) and has commonly introduced as â€Å"self as instrument† (Baldwin, 2000; McWilliams, 2004 as cited in Pieterse, Lee, Ritmeester Collins, 2013). Therefore, the†¦show more content†¦I make sure to maintain high levels eye contact, adopt a slightly leaning forward posture with frequent nods to make the client feel attended (Fretz Bruce, 1966). Unfortunately, a handshake could have been incorporated before the start of session to further express warmth and professionalism. When a formal discussion on the client’s issues was pursued, a relatively long a nd awkward pause was Reflection on counseling noticed. In correspondence to the second micro skill of â€Å"client observation†, judging from the 3 nature of the question and client’s facial expression (Quindlen, 2013), it can be suggested the client is experiencing sadness or emotional pain and exhibiting behavior of withdrawal into self. The above situation implies the inappropriate or poor use of the third micro skill, â€Å"Questioning†. Instead of directly questioning the relationship with the client’s spouse, an alternative could be encouraging the client to talk about her family. To make corrections for the distressing question, I offered tea to the client with the purpose of dispelling, disrupting negative thoughts and calming the client with the natural benefits of tea (Sutter, 2012). Keeping in mind the sensitivity of the client’s relationship with her spouse, I proceed to the middle stage of the counseling session to confront her problems. Middle stage of counseling session Continuing on from the long awkward pause, I acknowledged the client’s poor relationship with her spouse and carryShow MoreRelatedReflection Of A Counselling Session1646 Words   |  7 Pages Practice counselling sessions are a great way for counsellors to continue to learn and grow, reflect on their counselling style, and get feedback from other professionals on areas of improvement. In this essay I will look at my own counselling session video, and give an overall summary of the session and the skills I demonstrated throughout. I will also reflect on the effectiveness of the skills used and the areas that I can continue to improve on. After reviewing my practice session, I believeRead MoreReflection On Counselling735 Words   |  3 PagesI am thankful that you came to see me today. Before we can start with our session, there are a couple of things that I first need to run through with you. Is that okay? Client answers. (Yes/no) Great. I am currently studying my Diploma in Counselling. This session is for training purposes, therefore, my trainer and an external moderator may have access to the recording of our session. This might influence the information you feel free to share with me today. The purpose of the recording is toRead MoreEvaluation And Critical Analysis Of A 25 Minute Counselling Session2452 Words   |  10 Pagesanalysis of a 25 minute counselling session, titled Travel broadens the mind: An interview with ‘Jane’ on the 30/04/2016. A Rogerian style of counselling was used as this involves congruence or genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard (Geldard Geldard, 2012) an analysis of the interview in respect to these aspects is discussed .This structure of the interview was influenced by a review of different counselling microskills and was loosely based on the Counselling Interview Rating FormRead MoreThe Belief Systems That May Have An Impact On The Therapeutic Pro cess2147 Words   |  9 PagesSystems in Case Scenarios – reflective writing I am submitting a paper on counsellors’ belief systems that may have an impact on the therapeutic process. This paper discusses my perspective of two case studies with different scenarios and is via my reflection of the cases. The aim and goal will be to learn to write as the third person and gain insight. The method I will discuss will be from placing me in the shoes of the counsellors’, and walking in their shoes. Ricoeur calls this a ‘narrative commitment’Read MoreReflective Reflection Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcomes. This essay will focus on how reflective practice is critical for professional life, and how the use of reflection and theory can be used by counselling practitioners to inform their practice. Reflective practice is a complex concept and has many alternate definitions and understandings of what reflective practice actually means. By breaking down the two parts and defining reflection as â€Å"serious thought or consideration†, and practice as â€Å"the actual application or use of an idea, belief, orRead MoreReflective Critique790 Words   |  4 Pagespractice. Counsellors need not only to be conscious of their abilities, facts and presentation as professionals, but also wary of any private aspects that may mess with or obstruct their capability to supply an efficient and objective service. Counselling professionals in their everyday practice encounter unique and difficult circumstances which may be impossible to resolve by only scientific rationale approaches. Any counsellor employing the technique of reflective practice knows that this is asRead MoreSelf Reflection Essays817 Words   |  4 Pages  Self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ Observations   and   Self- ­Ã¢â‚¬    Reflections    Maximum   1000   words   each   term    The   purpose   of   these   three   reports   is   to   demonstrate   how   you   have   used   the   learning   journal   to    develop   your   self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ awareness   from   term   to   term.   (See   Section   11   about   the   Learning   Journal)    Each   report   is   due   at   the   first   class   meeting   after   each   reading   week.    Guidelines:    The   Reports   should   include   your   reflections   about:       Read MoreReflective Essay On Counselling1690 Words   |  7 Pagesapplied to a counselling roleplay and applied content over the duration of the module. Furthermore, identifying what has been covered and what has not been covered in the roleplay, its strengths, weaknesses, what needs developing and how it can help as counsellors within the field. The first topic will reflect on the skills and attributes that have been applied to the roleplay and how it has been beneficial. The second topic will be a critical analysis on the roleplay conducted during counselling focusingRead MoreNursing reflection.12855 Words   |  52 PagesReflective Essay This essay will look at reflection on a critical incident that has promoted a positive outcome. It is not a very major incident but it stands out as it has a potential for learning. This essay will identify and explain Johns (1994) model of reflection and explain what reflection is and why reflective practice is necessary and how it can be used. Schone (1983) recommended reflection on critical incidence as a valuable term, sited in Ghaye and Lillyman (1997) a critical incidentRead MoreLetter For My Client s Confidentiality1868 Words   |  8 Pagesemulate. However, I recall struggling to maintain eye contact with Carol because every couple of minutes I would look down to ensure the tape recorder was in fact recording or check my watch to track how much time had elapsed and determine what counselling skills I should be using next. Add on catching myself not smiling or head-nodding every so often and I’m sure Carol noticed that I was distracted and probably mistook this as I di d not care to listen to her. Reflecting back, I believe it would have

Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Free Essays

PepsiCo and Coca Cola are two major companies that manufacture beverages. They compete to be the number on manufacturer and distributor of beverages in the world. These two companies are very identifiable in this market and you know them as PepsiCo and Coca Cola. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now These two companies have undoubtedly dominated the markets worldwide that they both receive universal recognition for their different products. Although, there are many other manufacturers and distributors of beverages these two are the major competitors. Not only do they produce soda drinks, they also produce flavored water, spring water, and some energy drinks. PepsiCo, best known for Pepsi and Coca Cola best known for Coke have great marketing anddue to this they are able to target all income brackets. Their marketing and reasonable prices make iteasy for the people to buy their products in all income brackets. I will be examining both company’s income statements and balance sheets to disclose thefinancial condition of these companies in relation one to another. I will also perform vertical andhorizontal analysis from their annual report of financial data. There are a vast amount of manufacturers and distributors in this market, but Pepsi and Coca-Cola have managed to stay in the number one spot for a couple of decades. These two companies have not only dominated the market domestically they have dominated the worldwide market. They followed a plan that kept them above and beyond the market of soft drinks. They have overcome obstacles that allowed them to manufacture and distribute globally. (The Coca Cola Company, 2009). These companies compete with one another for the same customers. When one company comes up with a product the other company comes out with something very similar to it; this is called the â€Å"follow up strategy,† and while doing so they live the other companies behind dazed and confused, wondering what just happened. (www. PepsiCo. com, 2009). Being successful does not come without a price, both of this companies has had to deal with legal issues, precedents, and politics. These two companies are the best examples on how leadership is the power of influence. They design their product geared towards a certain taste and to appeal to a certain population and make look as though they are subjected to certain ethical and moral practices. Their influence in this market is so powerful that they drive out and shut down any other competitor in this market. I would like for you to keep in mind that all financial data of these companies are shown in millions so if you see a figure of 200 that means 200 million and if you see 5,000 it is in the billions. We will start with a vertical analysis of these companies. The vertical analysis comes from each company’s financial statements. The total assets for each company will be the starting point of this analysis. Coca Cola’s total assets in 2004 were $31,441 and its 2005 total assets were $29,427. PepsiCo’s total assets for 2004 were $27,987 and its total assets for 2005 were $31,727. (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2008). The total asset of each of the figures relates to items from each company’s balance sheet. The cost of sales for PepsiCo during 2004 was $12,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 45. 3% of total assets and for 2005 the cost of sales was $14,167 yielding a ratio percentage of 44. 7% of total assets. Coca-Cola’s cost of sales in 2004 was $7,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 24. 4% of total assets and in 2005it was $8,195 yielding a ratio percentage of 27. 8% of total assets. PepsiCo experienced a 5% increase within a one year span and Coca Cola experienced a 3. 4% increase during the same span. This does not mean that this increase is a positive analysis since the single figure does not reveal whether the increase is a positive measure. A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. The next thing we are going to look at is net income. Pepsi had in 2004 a net income of $4,212 and this yielded a ratio percentage of 15. 1% of total assets and in 2005 their net income was $4,078 yielding a ratio percentage of 13. 2% of their total assets. This is a 1. 9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005 and they also show a decrease in the cost of sales during the same period. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 yielding a ratio percentage of 15. 4% and in2005 their net income was $4,872 yielding a ratio of 16. 6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1. 2% between 2004 and 2005. Although they experienced an increase it is not entirely an offset of their income overall, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. Now the breakdown of each company’s consolidated balance sheets to compare current assets and current liabilities to their total assets for each year considered. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2004 were $8,639 which yields a ratio percentage of 30. 9% of total assets for that year. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2005 were $10,454 which yields a ratio percentage of 32. 9% of total assets. This shows a 2%increase in current assets. In contrast coca Cola current asset in 2004 were $12,281 yielding a ratio percentage of 39. 1% and in 2005 current asset were $10,250 yielding a ratio percentage of 34. 8%;which show a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a significant decrease in their current assets it was accompanied by a decrease in their current liabilities, which would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. Looking at the horizontal analysis of each company will give us more information. Horizontal analysis is also called â€Å"trend analysis† because of its ability to show financial data compared over a period of time. There are two different formulas that can be employed to teach this information. The first one uses the current year amount and subtracts from that the base year amount. The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount. The year 2004 is the base year for both companies in this analysis. Pepsi’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and for 2005 were $10,454. In the first Pepsi had an increase of 121. 01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. The second formula yields a 21. 01% total current assets from the base year. Coke’s total assets in 2004 were$12,281 and $10,250 in 2005. As you can see Coke’s total current assets dropped between 2004 and2005 without performing the formulaic calculations. All the analysis shows that PepsiCo and Coca Cola both experienced lower net profits in 2005than in 2004. They showed an increased operation expenses which resulted in a lower net profit. Both has had a higher operating expense in 2005 than in 2004 and need to modify their operations to reduce their expenses so their profit margins can increase so they will not keep experiencing a decrease in profits. I have analyzed two well-known companies in this paper. These two companies are PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have been around for a long time and have stormed the market. We have seen in my vertical and horizontal analysis that their financial data reveals somewhat a different picture of each company’s financial status. Both companies have experienced a moment were they were not profitable and a moment when they were profitable. During this exercise made me realize that although these companies appear to be profitable the analyses showed that these two companies performance were very different from one another in the years 2004 and 2005 How to cite Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola, Papers

Objectives and Goals of an Organization-Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Explain the Planning Process adopted by Managers in Organisations. 2.Provide a brief summary of Ferguson Plarres Organisational History. 3.Describe Ferguson Plarres approach to goal setting. 4.How does Ferguson Plarre track progress toward goal achievement. Answers: 1.Planning process in an organization refers to defining the objectives and goals of an organization that would direct the organizations future. It also involves determining the mission of the organization and the resources that would be required in achieving the target. Planning process by the organizational managers also involve strategic planning that has helped several organizations to achieve their objectives and profits. The strategic planning process of an organization is built upon the pyramid of organizational development (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Therefore, the managers of the organizations not only focus on the product/ service and market growth but also on the resources, organizational culture, operational system and management of the organizational systems. The major steps involved in management planning process are as follows: Establishing goals: The initial step of the planning process involves identification of the goals and objectives of the organization. This process involves detailed analysis and evaluation of the goals and objectives of an organization. This also requires mentioning the reason for selecting the particular goal and the anticipated outcomes. The objectives are required to be measured in either qualitative or quantitative terms (Harper 2015). Identification of resources: It is very necessary for the managers to identify the essential resources in terms of finance and human resources that would be required in the completion of the project. For instance, the managers are required to identify the number of sales people and accountants would be required to successfully complete a project. Establishing tasks related to the goals: The managers are responsible for associating the tasks with its achievements in order to achieve the goals of an organization. The managers are required to outline the various activities or tasks that shall aid in meeting the objectives or goals of an organization. For instance, the manager may increase the number of employees working in the sales team in order to meet the objective of the organization. Prioritize the tasks: The organizational managers are required to prioritize the important tasks so that they can be completed first. The managers are required to identify the sequence in which the tasks must be done in order to efficiently achieve the organizational goals. The most important tasks must be done first and the least important task must be done at the last (Baker 2014). Create timelines: The organizational managers are required to identify the time required in completing a task and decide the deadlines accordingly. The manager is required to take into consideration the abilities of the employees and the time required to complete the tasks before setting up the deadlines. Evaluation of the progress: The organizational managers are required to decide the method of evaluation and evaluate the progress of the tasks accordingly. This could be done by maintaining weekly, monthly or quarterly progress reports of the employees. The progress report helps the managers to known the progress of the organizations towards the achievement of the objectives (Jeston and Nelis 2014). Identifying alternatives: There are many uncertainties involved in the business environment. Therefore, the organizational managers are required to maintain a contingency plan in the event of failure of the actual plan. The managers are required to identify alternative plans at all the stages of planning to ensure the overall success of the organization (Booth 2015). Apart from the steps involved is the planning process, an organizational manager is required to ensure sustainable success of an organization by equally emphasizing on the sustainable success of the organization. The various steps involved in the strategic planning are as follows: Environmental scan: This involves identification and analysis of the market as well as the prospective customers. The managers are also required to analyze the competitors as well as the ongoing trends in the market. All these shall ensure the successful accomplishment of the tasks. Organizational assessment: This step involves identifying the organizational culture, operational system, markets, products and the management system of the organization. Resolution of strategic issues: This step involves identifying the issues within the organization and finding out ways to resolve the issues. Strategic business plan: This process involves the usual steps that are considered in the planning process. This step involves identification of the goals and objectives of the organization. This process also involves detailed analysis and evaluation of the goals and objectives of an organization. It is very necessary for the managers to identify the essential resources in terms of finance and human resources that would be required in the completion of the project. The organizational managers are required to define the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the organization (Shanahan 2013). Budgeting: The organizational managers are required to identify the ways in which the financial resources shall be invested in the achievement of the organizational plan. The organizational managers are required to convert the plan into financial terms. The managers are required to manage the plan according to the available funds or budget. Review: The organizational managers are not only required to plan the organizational processes but they are also required to review the progress and compare them with the organizations goals. It is responsibility of the managers to ensure the organizational performance. This can be only achieved when the managers identify or anticipate the issues in the organizational plan and develops a contingency plan accordingly. The organizational managers of Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses have initiated several marketing strategies that involved expansion of business and franchising (Ferguson Plarre 2012). The Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses has been conducted several market surveys to know the tastes and preferences of the customers and has focused upon retention of the loyal customers (generally the grandparents) and acquiring new customers (generally the grandchildren). 2.The Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses have always been a family owned and operated business. The Ferguson family and the Plarre family have European roots while it established its business in Australia around 110 years ago. It commenced its business in 1901 in Melbourne. The organization continued to manage its business even in the tough times during the World wars and the Great depression. The contributions of the families in the art of pastry cooking encouraged the families to merge their businesses to become Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses in 1980 (Fergusonplarre.com.au 2017). However, the fourth generation of the Plarre family acquired the business of the Ferguson family in the year 2012. The Plarre family manages the day to day business operations of Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses. The bakery continues to provide superior quality products and services along with great innovations. The bakery is now recognized for delivering desserts, meat-pies, birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Tiddly Oggies. The bakery is known to have an experience of more than 200 years and has been consistent in providing quality products and services to its customers. 3.The Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses has been conducted several market surveys to know the tastes and preferences of the customers and has focused upon retention of the loyal customers who are usually the grandparents and acquiring new customers who are usually the grandchildren. The organization has set its goals according to the requirements of the customers. The organization aims at expanding its business by opening stores in several locations and by using the policy of franchising. The organization has focused upon the retention of their loyal customers who are mainly the grandparents and has aimed at attracting their grandchildren into buying their products. The goal of the organization is to provide innovative and quality products and services to its customers (Fergusonplarre.com.au 2017). 4.The major objective of Ferguson Plarre has been customer satisfaction. Ferguson Plarre tracks is progress towards the achievement of its goals by conducting market research. The organization has been reaching out to its customers to improve the personal contacts with the loyal customers. The organization has been conducting several market surveys in which the customers were asked about their experiences with Ferguson Plarre and what they expect from the bakery. The organization has laid much emphasis on the requirements of its customers and their likes and dislikes. The organization has focused upon the retention of their loyal customers who are mainly the grandparents and has aimed at attracting their grandchildren into buying their products (Ferguson Plarre 2012). References: Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Ferguson Plarre 2012, Interview with Steve Plarre, Part 3: Planning, Cengage Learning Australia. Fergusonplarre.com.au. (2017).Birthday Cakes, Celebration Cakes, Sweets Savouries Online | Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses. [online] Available at: https://www.fergusonplarre.com.au/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2017]. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Shanahan, M.P., 2013. 15. The economics of climate change: the Stern and Garnaut reports and their implications for business.Sustainable Business: Theory and Practice of Business Under Sustainability Principles, p.268.